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Cold Sores (Herpes Labialis)

Cold sores are small, painful blisters that appear on or around the lips, caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1.

Overview

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). They are highly contagious and usually appear on the lips, but can also affect the mouth and face.

Cold sore on the lip caused by herpes simplex virus

A typical cold sore (herpes labialis) on the upper lip.

Symptoms

Symptoms begin with a tingling, itching, or burning sensation, followed by the appearance of small, fluid-filled blisters. The blisters break, crust over, and heal within 2-4 weeks.

Cold sore symptoms showing fluid-filled blisters on the lip

Cold sores typically progress from tingling to blisters, then crust over.

Tingling and itching sensation before a cold sore appears Fluid-filled blister stage of a cold sore Cold sore crusting over during healing

Causes

HSV-1 is spread through close contact, such as kissing, sharing utensils, or sharing towels. The virus remains dormant in the body and can be reactivated by stress, fever, or sun exposure.

Herpes simplex virus HSV-1 under a microscope

HSV-1 is the primary cause of cold sores.

Treatment

Treatment includes antiviral creams (acyclovir) and oral medications to reduce the duration of the outbreak. Keeping the area clean and avoiding picking at the sores is important.

Antiviral cream used for treating cold sores

Topical antiviral creams can help shorten cold sore outbreaks.

Acyclovir cream for cold sores Oral antiviral medication for herpes labialis Keeping the cold sore area clean

When to See a Doctor

If the sores are severe, frequent, or occur near the eyes, see a doctor.

Doctor consulting a patient about severe cold sores

Seek medical advice for severe or recurrent cold sores.