Overview
The stomach lining can become inflamed over time, leading to chronic gastritis.
Chronic gastritis is a persistent inflammation of the stomach lining that can damage the stomach's protective layer. It can be erosive or non-erosive and can lead to complications if left untreated.
Unlike acute gastritis, which comes on suddenly and usually resolves quickly, chronic gastritis develops gradually and may persist for months or even years. Many people with chronic gastritis have mild symptoms or none at all, while others experience significant discomfort and complications.
Symptoms
Some people may have no symptoms. Others may experience:
- Dull pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
- Nausea and occasional vomiting
- Bloating and a feeling of fullness after eating
- Loss of appetite and unintended weight loss
- Indigestion or heartburn
- Black, tarry stools or blood in vomit (a sign of bleeding — seek urgent care)
Causes
Common causes of chronic gastritis include:
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection — the most common cause worldwide
- Long-term use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Autoimmune disorders (autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis)
- Smoking and chronic stress
- Bile reflux and other digestive conditions
Treatment
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:
- Acid-reducing medications — proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers
- Antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori (usually a combination regimen)
- Stopping NSAIDs and reducing alcohol intake
- Lifestyle changes — smaller meals, avoiding trigger foods, quitting smoking
- Vitamin B12 supplementation for autoimmune gastritis
- Regular monitoring with endoscopy in high-risk cases
When to See a Doctor
If you have persistent abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting, or if you have signs of bleeding (blood in vomit or stools), see a doctor promptly. You should also seek medical advice if you experience unexplained weight loss, difficulty swallowing, or symptoms that do not improve with over-the-counter remedies.