Overview
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers due to effective screening and HPV vaccination. It develops slowly, starting with precancerous changes that can be detected early. Regular screening significantly reduces the risk.
Symptoms
Early stages may have no symptoms. Later symptoms include vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause, pelvic pain, and watery or bloody vaginal discharge.
Causes
Nearly all cases are caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, and long-term use of oral contraceptives.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the stage. Options include surgery (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Early-stage cancer is highly treatable.
When to See a Doctor
Regular Pap smears and HPV tests are essential for early detection. See a doctor if you have any abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain.