Overview
The brain stem controls many of the body's automatic functions, including breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and consciousness. A stroke in this area can be devastating and is often a medical emergency. The brain stem is comprised of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, all of which can be affected.
Symptoms
Symptoms can be varied and severe, including sudden vertigo, double vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, loss of balance, and weakness on one or both sides of the body. More severe symptoms include complete paralysis (locked-in syndrome), coma, or sudden death.
Causes
Like other strokes, brain stem strokes are caused by either a clot (ischemic stroke) blocking a blood vessel or a hemorrhage (bleed) in a blood vessel. The risk factors are similar to other strokes: high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of stroke. Ischemic strokes are treated with clot-busting drugs (tPA) or mechanical thrombectomy. Hemorrhagic strokes require surgical intervention to stop the bleeding. All treatment must be given as quickly as possible.
When to See a Doctor
A brain stem stroke is a medical emergency. If you or someone you know shows any symptoms of a stroke (sudden loss of balance, vertigo, double vision, etc.), call emergency services immediately.