Overview

Bilirubin is a substance created when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. It is then processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Bilirubin levels are measured with a blood test, and abnormal levels can signal a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts. High levels can cause jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).

Symptoms

High bilirubin levels can cause jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes. Other symptoms may include dark urine, pale stools, itching, fatigue, and abdominal pain.

Causes

Elevated bilirubin can be caused by liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis, blockage of bile ducts (e.g., from gallstones), or conditions that cause rapid red blood cell breakdown (hemolytic anemia). Gilbert's syndrome is a harmless genetic condition that can cause mild, intermittent elevations.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. It may involve treating the liver condition, removing the bile duct obstruction, or managing hemolysis. In newborn babies, high bilirubin is often treated with phototherapy.

When to See a Doctor

See a doctor if you experience any signs of jaundice, such as yellowing skin or eyes, especially if accompanied by abdominal pain, dark urine, or fever.