Overview
Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges. It can cause brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities, and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Several types of bacteria, including Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae, are the most common causes. It is a medical emergency.
Symptoms
Symptoms can develop rapidly and include severe headache, high fever, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, confusion or difficulty concentrating, and seizures. In infants, symptoms may be subtle, such as irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanelle (soft spot on the head).
Causes
It is caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord. These bacteria can spread through respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., coughing, kissing) or through close contact. Some people can carry these bacteria without becoming ill.
Treatment
Treatment involves immediate hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics, often given before the exact cause is confirmed. In severe cases, corticosteroids may be given to reduce inflammation. Supportive care is also provided to manage complications.
When to See a Doctor
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical care if you or someone you know experiences any of the symptoms, especially severe headache, stiff neck, and fever. Do not wait for symptoms to resolve.