Overview
Common type of eczema.
Atopic dermatitis, often called eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It commonly affects children but can persist into adulthood. The condition tends to flare up periodically and can significantly impact quality of life.
Symptoms
Dry itchy skin.
Common symptoms of atopic dermatitis include:
- Dry, itchy skin — itching can be severe, especially at night.
- Red or inflamed patches — often on the face, neck, hands, feet, or inside elbows and knees.
- Rash — may appear as small, raised bumps that can weep fluid.
- Skin cracking — especially in areas that are repeatedly scratched.
- Thickened skin — from chronic scratching (lichenification).
- Sleep disturbance — due to persistent itching.
Causes
Genetics, immune response.
Atopic dermatitis results from a combination of factors:
- Genetics — a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies increases risk.
- Immune system dysfunction — an overactive immune response causes inflammation.
- Skin barrier defects — mutations in the filaggrin gene can weaken the skin barrier, allowing irritants and allergens to penetrate.
- Environmental triggers — such as soaps, detergents, dust mites, pollen, and stress.
Treatment
Moisturizers and medication.
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, healing the skin, and preventing flare-ups:
- Moisturizers and emollients — applied daily to keep skin hydrated.
- Topical corticosteroids — to reduce inflammation during flare-ups.
- Topical calcineurin inhibitors — non-steroid options for sensitive areas.
- Oral antihistamines — to help control itching.
- Biologics — for moderate to severe cases that don't respond to other treatments.
- Avoiding triggers — identifying and avoiding irritants and allergens.