Overview
Anal cancer is a rare type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the anus, the opening at the end of the rectum through which stool leaves the body. It accounts for a small percentage of all gastrointestinal cancers. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the cells lining the anal canal. Anal cancer is often treatable, especially when detected early. Treatment typically involves a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy, which has proven highly effective.
Symptoms
Bleeding, pain, lumps. Other common symptoms include itching or discharge from the anus, a change in bowel habits, narrowing of stools, and swollen lymph nodes in the groin or anal area. Some people may experience a feeling of fullness or pressure in the anal region. It is important to note that many of these symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as haemorrhoids, so a proper diagnosis is essential.
Causes
HPV infection, smoking. The most significant risk factor for anal cancer is infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressant medications), a history of anal warts, multiple sexual partners, and receptive anal intercourse. Chronic inflammation of the anal area may also increase risk.
Treatment
Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery. The standard treatment for most anal cancers is a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy (chemoradiation), which aims to destroy cancer cells while preserving the anal sphincter. For early-stage cancers, surgery may be an option to remove the tumour and surrounding tissue. In advanced or recurrent cases, immunotherapy or targeted therapy may be considered. Supportive care is also important to manage side effects and maintain quality of life.