Overview
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that gradually destroys memory, thinking skills, and the ability to carry out simple tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. The disease typically begins with mild memory loss and progresses over years, eventually impairing communication, judgment, and independence. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Symptoms
Memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking, mood changes. Other common symptoms include difficulty solving problems, disorientation to time and place, difficulty with familiar tasks, withdrawal from social activities, changes in personality, and sleep disturbances. Symptoms worsen over time, and in advanced stages, individuals may lose the ability to communicate and require full-time care.
Causes
Brain cell damage, genetics, aging. The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The disease is characterised by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which disrupt cell function and lead to cell death. Age is the greatest risk factor, and a family history of Alzheimer's increases risk.
Treatment
Medication and supportive care. While there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, several medications can temporarily improve symptoms or slow their progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and memantine. Non-drug therapies such as cognitive stimulation, behavioural therapy, and lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, social engagement) can also help. Caregiver support and education are essential components of care.