Overview
Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens. It affects millions of people worldwide and can be seasonal (occurring during specific pollen seasons) or perennial (year-round, often triggered by indoor allergens). While not life-threatening, allergic rhinitis can significantly impact quality of life, affecting sleep, concentration, and daily activities.
Symptoms
Sneezing, runny nose, congestion. Other common symptoms include itchy nose and throat, watery eyes, postnasal drip, cough, fatigue, and headache. Symptoms often occur immediately after exposure to an allergen and can range from mild to severe. Many people also experience allergic conjunctivitis (eye inflammation) alongside nasal symptoms.
Causes
Pollen, dust, mold. The condition is triggered by allergens that cause the immune system to release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Common allergens include tree, grass, and weed pollens, dust mites, mould spores, animal dander, and cockroach droppings. A family history of allergies or asthma increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.
Treatment
Antihistamines and nasal sprays. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing exposure to allergens. Options include oral antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid sprays, decongestants, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and saline nasal rinses. Allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual tablets) can provide long-term relief by desensitising the immune system. Avoiding known allergens is key to managing the condition.