Overview
Acute varicella zoster, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash that typically appears on the face, scalp, and trunk before spreading to other parts of the body.
Chickenpox is usually a mild illness in healthy children, but it can cause serious complications in adults, newborns, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of chickenpox.
Symptoms
- Rash: Red, itchy rash that progresses from spots to fluid-filled blisters, then crusts over in 5-7 days.
- Fever: Mild to moderate fever (often 100-102°F).
- Fatigue and malaise: Generalized feeling of being unwell.
- Loss of appetite: Reduced desire to eat.
- Headache: Mild headache may occur.
- New spots: New crops of blisters appear over several days.
- Complications: In severe cases, pneumonia, encephalitis, or secondary bacterial infections.
Causes
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV): The virus causes both chickenpox (primary infection) and shingles (reactivation).
- Transmission: Spread through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing) or direct contact with fluid from chickenpox blisters.
- Incubation period: Symptoms typically appear 10-21 days after exposure.
- Contagious period: Contagious from 1-2 days before the rash appears until all blisters have crusted over.
Treatment
- Rest and hydration: Adequate rest and fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
- Itch relief: Calamine lotion, antihistamines, and oatmeal baths to relieve itching.
- Fever management: Acetaminophen (avoid aspirin in children due to Reye's syndrome risk).
- Antiviral medications: Acyclovir or similar drugs for severe cases, adults, or high-risk individuals.
- Prevention of scratching: Keep fingernails short and use mittens for small children.
- Vaccination: The varicella vaccine provides effective prevention.