Overview
Acute pharyngitis is a sudden inflammation of the pharynx (throat) that results in a sore throat, pain with swallowing, and often a scratchy sensation. It is one of the most common reasons for outpatient visits.
Most cases are viral, but bacterial infections like Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) also occur and may require antibiotics.
Symptoms
- Sore throat that worsens with swallowing
- Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches
- Fever (usually low-grade in viral, higher in bacterial)
- Headache and fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
- Hoarse voice or cough (more common in viral)
- Runny nose or sneezing (viral)
Causes
Viral causes (most common): Adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, Epstein-Barr, and others.
Bacterial causes: Group A Streptococcus (strep throat), occasionally others.
Non-infectious: Allergies, dryness, irritants (smoke, pollution), acid reflux.
Treatment
- Self-care: Rest, warm salt water gargle, throat lozenges, honey, and hydration.
- Pain relief: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever.
- Antibiotics: Prescribed only for confirmed bacterial pharyngitis (strep).
- Avoid irritants: Smoke, dry air, and spicy foods.
- Seek medical care if symptoms are severe, persist beyond a week, or you have difficulty breathing.