Overview
Acute otitis media (AOM) is an infection of the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear. It is one of the most common childhood infections, though it can affect people of all ages.
AOM occurs when fluid becomes trapped behind the eardrum, often due to a respiratory infection, and becomes infected by bacteria or viruses. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and reduce the risk of recurrent infections.
Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of acute otitis media include:
- Ear pain (otalgia), often worse when lying down
- Fever (may be high in children)
- Irritability and fussiness in infants and toddlers
- Tugging or pulling at the ear
- Difficulty sleeping
- Hearing problems or muffled hearing
- Loss of appetite or difficulty feeding
- Fluid drainage from the ear (if the eardrum ruptures)
In older children and adults, symptoms may also include a feeling of fullness in the ear, dizziness, or balance problems.
Causes
Acute otitis media is often caused by:
- Bacterial infections — common bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis
- Viral infections — such as those that cause colds, flu, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Eustachian tube dysfunction — blockage or swelling of the tube that connects the middle ear to the throat
- Allergies or enlarged adenoids
- Exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants
Young children are more susceptible due to the shorter and more horizontal position of their Eustachian tubes, which makes it easier for fluid and pathogens to enter the middle ear.
Treatment
Treatment for acute otitis media depends on the severity of symptoms and the child's age:
- Pain management — acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen for pain and fever
- Warm compress — applied to the affected ear for comfort
- Antibiotics — prescribed for bacterial infections, especially in children under 2 years or with severe symptoms
- Observation — for mild cases in older children, a "watch and wait" approach may be recommended
- Rest and hydration — ensure adequate fluid intake and rest
- Ear tubes — for recurrent or chronic infections, tympanostomy tubes may be placed to drain fluid
Always consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations.