Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells. It is one of the most common dermatological conditions, affecting up to 85% of people aged 12–24. While it is not life-threatening, acne can cause significant emotional distress and scarring.

Acne typically appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back, and shoulders—areas with the most oil glands. Early and effective treatment can prevent scarring and reduce the duration of outbreaks.

Signs and symptoms of acne vary depending on the severity of the condition:

• Whiteheads – closed, plugged pores
• Blackheads – open, plugged pores (dark appearance due to oxidation)
• Papules – small, red, tender bumps
• Pustules – papules with pus at the tips
• Nodules – large, painful, solid lumps beneath the skin
• Cystic lesions – painful, pus-filled lumps that can cause scarring
• Oily skin – excess sebum production
• Scarring – permanent indentations or hyperpigmentation after healing

Several factors contribute to the development of acne:

• Hormonal changes: Androgens (male hormones) increase during puberty, causing sebaceous glands to enlarge and produce more sebum.
• Bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) colonizes hair follicles and triggers inflammation.
• Excess oil production: Overactive sebaceous glands produce too much sebum, leading to clogged pores.
• Dead skin cells: When dead skin cells don't shed properly, they mix with oil and block follicles.
• Genetics: A family history of acne increases your risk.
• Inflammation: Immune response to bacteria and follicular contents causes redness and swelling.
• Diet and stress: Some studies suggest high-glycemic foods and stress may worsen acne.

Treatment depends on the severity of acne. Options include:

• Topical retinoids: Vitamin A derivatives (e.g., tretinoin, adapalene) unclog pores and reduce inflammation.
• Benzoyl peroxide: Kills bacteria and helps remove excess oil.
• Salicylic acid: Exfoliates skin and unclogs pores.
• Oral antibiotics: Reduce bacteria and inflammation for moderate to severe acne.
• Hormonal therapy: Birth control pills or anti-androgens (like spironolactone) for women with hormonal acne.
• Isotretinoin: A powerful oral retinoid for severe, treatment-resistant acne (requires close monitoring).
• Chemical peels, laser therapy, and drainage: For scarring and cyst removal.

Always consult a dermatologist before starting any treatment.